Business Ethics Disability and Rehabilitation

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Disability and Rehabilitation. Answer: Introduction: According to Reamer (2013), a utilitarianism also called consequentialismis an ethical norm, which signifies that the best action can be defined as the one that maximizes the utility. Some of the moral ethics are keeping promises, do not cheat others and steal things and most importantly obey the lawful activities. In the given case study of Volkswagen, the U.S. chief had installed a "defeat device" in Passat Sedan to cheat the emission test. In this circumstance, the cars turn on full pollution controls only during emissions testing and in the roads, these cars have emitted 40 times more nitrogen oxide pollutants (Blackwelder et al. 2016). The stakeholders responsible for this action is the VWs U.S. Chief, the software developer for cars and the mechanical engineers who are looking for more profit for their happiness by cheating others. Thus, Elson et al. (2015) depicts that following the basic concept of utilitarianism theory, the concerned organization has gained undergone regarding profit by cheating half-million of its diesel cars from the year 2009-2015. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found out that the company has cheated the emission test and a criminal investigation against Volkswagen was occurred and the company had lost 19% of the total trade in the year 2015, which has dr opped to 30% in 2016 (Steinzor2015). Moreover, the US chief of Volkswagen apologizes for the activities for being dishonest with the EPA and the California Air Resources Board and promises to improve the condition of these diesel cars. Barrett et al. (2015) stated that they admitted that this kind of behaviour is inconsistent with their quality and had to pay $18 billion penalties. The action of the Volkswagen is not moral as they have disobeyed the law and cheated the diesel test on safety and infotainment technology. However, the action brought the organization a certain period of happiness that fulfils the basic concept utilitarianism theory, which illustrates that, any action that brings happiness and maximizes the utility. Kantian deontology According to this theory, Playford et al. (2015) explains that a person is morally obligated to obey some set of principlesand regulations regardless of the outcome. Thus, the difference between utilitarianism and deontology ethical theory is that in former theory focused on actions that bring happiness whereas the latter one depicts that some actions always remain unethical even if they resemble some admirable outcome. As per as the given case study, Hamilton (2016) demonstrates that the action the Volkswagen company has committed is against the law. The pollution the car raised when the engines switched out of this test mode is 10 to 40% higher than the permissive diesel emission (Blackwelder et al., 2016). As a result, Hermans and da Cruz Caria (2016) depicts that the company starts to formulate a new model that is improved inside and out and follow the environmental obligation set by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Barrett et al. (2015) on the other hand describes that since a huge profit that from 2009-2015 can be resembled as happiness, but the activity is unlawful and hence satisfies the basic concept of Kantian deontology. The concerned organization has successfully learned that their installed software in the 3.0 litres car engine cheats emissions tests, which are not legal, and is present in approximately 10,000 vehicles (Steinzor, 2015). Hoekman (2016) hence depicts that the compan y has also suffered from dismissals of numerous U.S. and Canada dealer that resulted in massive dissatisfaction among their internal stakeholders. It can be concluded that the former action or the action that raises the pollution in the US is not morale however the organization initiated to take effective measures so that they can undo their unlawful actions support this deontology theory of ethics. Virtue ethics As per as viewpoint of Van Hooft (2014), virtue ethics signifies the virtue inmoral philosophy and the role of an individual in bringing good consequence rather than ones duty to achieve that consequence. It represents a person with an ideal character trait that derives the natural internal tendencies in them to maximize utility or gain favors. According to the perspective of Moscardo et al. (2013), in the second case study, Jeff Morris is the person having the ideal characteristics that can be illustrated from the good nature for informing the unlawful activities in Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Jeff Morris has informed CBA that in the concerned bank there was a senior advisor for money investments who fooled many people and pushed clients into inappropriately high-risk products that lead to million dollars of loss to those people. Following to Aristotles ethical norms, Jeff Morris possessed the ideal nature for informing the CBA for the misconduct as the concerned persons family had to suffer that enhances the ideal nature so that nobody will face the same adversity in the future (Moscardo et al., 2013). According to concept stated by Villa (2015), it is found that it is difficult for common people like Morris to identify the corrupted face of experienced financial advisor like Don Nguyen, who had experience in financial services from 30 years and they can easily fall for the wrong advice suggested by them. It is concluded that Jeff Morris has fulfilled the theory of virtue of ethics by demonstrating the ideal nature to save others from the unlawful activities done by an experienced financial advisor. Morris's moral here plays a crucial role in defining the ethical principle of virtue ethics. Kohlbergs theory Gibbs (2013) defines that an individual develops their bases for ethical behavior through a series of six stages- Obedience and Punishment, Individualism, Good person, Law and Order, Social Contract and Principled Conscience. Every two stages can be categorized in formulating three level of principle theory of ethics- Pre-conventional, Conventional and Post-conventional.Image1: Kohlberg's classification(Source: Gibbs 2013) According to the given case study, at the first level that is the pre-conventional level it is mandatory for Don Nguyen to perform the respective duty or responsibility that is to provide good and profitable financial advice otherwise governing bodies like CBA and Australian Securities and Investments Commission will take disciplinary action against that. In the second level that is the conventional level, the lawful nature is found in Jeff Morris in this circumstance (Krebs et al., 2014). According to the first stage of level-2, it signifies that Jeff Morriss inte ntion is to provide justice to people who will underwent the financial advice of the advisor at Commonwealth Bank of Australia so that they do not have to pay a high loss like Jeff Morriss family had faced (Broughton2016). Moreover, Javidan et al. (2013) portrays that in second stage Morris follows the rule and inform CBA and Australian security about the unlawful activities occurred in the concerned bank. In the third level, Brabeck (2016) depicts that Morriss complaint lead to the dismissal of Don Nguyen; however, the person get back to work as a senior planner, which was devastating for the society as the person continue to provide inappropriate financial suggestions to others. Other whistle-blowers informed ASIC about the Nguyens promotion as banks conspiracy to avoid paying client compensation that defines their conscience for the betterment of the people so that nobody will suffer the same dilemma. Villa, (2015). Thus, it is concluded from the case study that, Jeff Morris and other well-wishers of society have successfully followed the Kohlbergs theory of moral development and informed the lawful commissions about the misconduct occurred in Commonwealth Bank of Australia by the senior financial advisor and led to their termination or dismissal. Reference List Barrett, S. R., Speth, R. L., Eastham, S. D., Dedoussi, I. C., Ashok, A., Malina, R., Keith, D. W. (2015). Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health.Environmental Research Letters,10(11), 114005. Berkowitz, M. W., Oser, F. (Eds.). (2013).Moral education: Theory and application. Routledge. Blackwelder, B., Coleman, K., Colunga-Santoyo, S., Harrison, J. S., Wozniak, D. (2016). The Volkswagen Scandal. Brabeck, M. (2016). Moral Judgment: Theory and Research on.An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 33. Broughton, J. M. (2016). 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